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What Is the Term of Art in Poetry That Means the Quality of Forgetting Your Own Existence

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Written work of art

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Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art grade, especially prose fiction, drama, and verse.[1] In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed.[2] Literature is a method of recording, preserving, and transmitting noesis and entertainment, and can also have a social, psychological, spiritual, or political part.

Literature, equally an fine art form, tin can likewise include works in various non-fiction genres, such equally biography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay. Within its broad definition, literature includes not-fictional books, articles or other printed data on a detail subject area.[iii] [4]

Etymologically, the term derives from Latin literatura/litteratura "learning, a writing, grammar," originally "writing formed with letters," from litera/littera "alphabetic character".[5] In spite of this, the term has also been practical to spoken or sung texts.[six] [seven] Developments in impress technology accept allowed an ever-growing distribution and proliferation of written works, which now includes electronic literature.

Literature is classified according to whether it is poetry, prose or drama, and such works are categorized according to historical periods, or their adherence to certain aesthetic features, or genre.

Definitions [edit]

Definitions of literature have varied over time.[8] In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing literature tin be seen as returning to older, more inclusive notions, then that cultural studies, for case, include, in add-on to approved works, popular and minority genres. The word is also used in reference not-written works: to "oral literature" and "the literature of preliterate culture".

A value judgment definition of literature considers it as consisting solely of high quality writing that forms part of the belles-lettres ("fine writing") tradition.[9] An example of this in the (1910–11) Encyclopædia Britannica that classified literature every bit "the best expression of the best idea reduced to writing".[ten]

History [edit]

Oral literature [edit]

The utilize of the term "literature" hither is a fiddling problematic because of its origins in the Latin littera, "letter," essentially writing. Alternatives such as "oral forms" and "oral genres" have been suggested merely the word literature is widely used.[11]

Oral literature is an ancient human tradition found in "all corners of the world".[12] Mod archaeology has been unveiling evidence of the human efforts to preserve and transmit arts and knowledge that depended completely or partially on an oral tradition, across various cultures:

The Judeo-Christian Bible reveals its oral traditional roots; medieval European manuscripts are penned by performing scribes; geometric vases from archaic Hellenic republic mirror Homer'southward oral way. (...) Indeed, if these last decades of the millennium have taught united states anything, information technology must be that oral tradition never was the other we defendant it of being; it never was the primitive, preliminary technology of communication we thought it to be. Rather, if the whole truth is told, oral tradition stands out equally the single almost dominant communicative technology of our species every bit both a historical fact and, in many areas still, a contemporary reality.[12]

The earliest verse is believed to have been recited or sung, employed every bit a way of remembering history, genealogy, and police.[13]

In Asia, the manual of folklore, mythologies every bit well as scriptures in ancient India, in different Indian religions, was past oral tradition, preserved with precision with the help of elaborate mnemonic techniques.[14]

The early on Buddhist texts are also generally believed to be of oral tradition, with the first by comparing inconsistencies in the transmitted versions of literature from various oral societies such as the Greek, Serbia and other cultures, then noting that the Vedic literature is besides consistent and vast to accept been equanimous and transmitted orally across generations, without being written down.[ citation needed ] According to Goody, the Vedic texts probable involved both a written and oral tradition, calling information technology a "parallel products of a literate order".[ commendation needed ]

Australian Aboriginal culture has thrived on oral traditions and oral histories passed downwards through thousands of years. In a study published in February 2020, new testify showed that both Budj Bim and Tower Loma volcanoes erupted betwixt 34,000 and 40,000 years ago.[15] Significantly, this is a "minimum age constraint for homo presence in Victoria", and likewise could be interpreted as evidence for the oral histories of the Gunditjmara people, an Aboriginal Australian people of south-western Victoria, which tell of volcanic eruptions being some of the oldest oral traditions in beingness.[16] An axe found underneath volcanic ash in 1947 had already proven that humans inhabited the region before the eruption of Tower Hill.[xv]

All ancient Greek literature was to some degree oral in nature, and the earliest literature was completely so.[17] Homer'due south epic poetry, states Michael Gagarin, was largely equanimous, performed and transmitted orally.[18] As folklores and legends were performed in front end of distant audiences, the singers would substitute the names in the stories with local characters or rulers to give the stories a local season and thus connect with the audience, but making the historicity embedded in the oral tradition as unreliable.[19] The lack of surviving texts about the Greek and Roman religious traditions have led scholars to presume that these were ritualistic and transmitted every bit oral traditions, but some scholars disagree that the circuitous rituals in the aboriginal Greek and Roman civilizations were an exclusive product of an oral tradition.[20]

Writing systems are not known to have existed among Native North Americans earlier contact with Europeans. Oral storytelling traditions flourished in a context without the utilize of writing to tape and preserve history, scientific cognition, and social practices.[21] While some stories were told for amusement and leisure, most functioned equally applied lessons from tribal experience applied to firsthand moral, social, psychological, and environmental bug.[22] Stories fuse fictional, supernatural, or otherwise exaggerated characters and circumstances with real emotions and morals every bit a means of education. Plots often reverberate real life situations and may be aimed at item people known by the story'due south audition. In this way, social force per unit area could be exerted without directly causing embarrassment or social exclusion.[23] For example, rather than yelling, Inuit parents might deter their children from wandering as well shut to the water'southward edge by telling a story about a sea monster with a pouch for children within its reach.[24]

See also African literature#Oral literature

Oratory [edit]

Oratory or the art of public speaking "was for long considered a literary fine art".[3] From Ancient Hellenic republic to the belatedly 19th century, rhetoric played a central role in Western education in training orators, lawyers, counsellors, historians, statesmen, and poets.[25] [note 1]

Writing [edit]

Around the 4th millennium BC, the complication of merchandise and assistants in Mesopotamia outgrew human retentivity, and writing became a more than dependable method of recording and presenting transactions in a permanent form.[27] Though in both aboriginal Egypt and Mesoamerica, writing may have already emerged considering of the need to record historical and environmental events. Subsequent innovations included more than compatible, anticipated, legal systems, sacred texts, and the origins of modernistic practices of scientific research and cognition-consolidation, all largely reliant on portable and hands reproducible forms of writing.

Early on written literature [edit]

Ancient Egyptian literature,[28] along with Sumerian literature, are considered the world's oldest literatures.[29] The primary genres of the literature of ancient Egypt—didactic texts, hymns and prayers, and tales—were written almost entirely in poesy;[30] By the Former Kingdom (26th century BC to 22nd century BC), literary works included funerary texts, epistles and letters, hymns and poems, and commemorative autobiographical texts recounting the careers of prominent administrative officials. Information technology was non until the early on Middle Kingdom (21st century BC to 17th century BC) that a narrative Egyptian literature was created.[31]

Many works of early periods, fifty-fifty in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such equally the Sanskrit Panchatantra.200 BC – 300 AD, based on older oral tradition.[32] [33] Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and subsequently readership, for literary production. Lyric poesy (every bit opposed to epic verse) was often the speciality of courts and aloof circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were nerveless by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable existence the Shijing or Book of Songs (1046–c.600 BC), .[34] [35] [36]

Inscribed hieroglyphics cover an obelisk in foreground. A stone statue is in background.

In aboriginal China, early on literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poesy. Prc, the origin of modernistic newspaper making and woodblock printing, produced the world'southward starting time print cultures.[37] Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769‒269 BC).[38] The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, likewise as works of military science (e.one thousand. Dominicus Tzu'southward The Art of War, c.fifth century BC)) and Chinese history (east.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, c.94 BC). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with frequently very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of aboriginal Communist china was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BC, and attributed to the blind fifth-century BC historian Zuo Qiuming.[39]

In ancient Republic of india, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early on genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poesy. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–k BC, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India.[forty] [41] The Vedas are amidst the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BC, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, every bit well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000‒500 BC, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid-second to mid 1st millennium BC, or the Late Bronze Age and the Fe Age.[42] The menstruum betwixt approximately the sixth to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the 2 most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata [43] [44] and the Ramayana,[45] with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD. Other major literary works are Ramcharitmanas[46] & Krishnacharitmanas.

The earliest known Greek writings are Mycenaean (c.1600–1100 BC), written in the Linear B syllabary on clay tablets. These documents contain prosaic records largely concerned with merchandise (lists, inventories, receipts, etc.); no existent literature has been discovered.[47] [48] Michael Ventris and John Chadwick, the original decipherers of Linear B, state that literature nearly certainly existed in Mycenaean Hellenic republic,[48] but it was either not written down or, if information technology was, it was on parchment or wooden tablets, which did not survive the destruction of the Mycenaean palaces in the twelfth century BC.[48] Homer's, epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, are central works of ancient Greek literature. It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC.[49] Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary.[50] [51] [52] Nearly researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.[53] From antiquity until the present day, the influence of Homeric ballsy on Western civilisation has been great, inspiring many of its well-nigh famous works of literature, music, fine art and motion picture.[54] The Homeric epics were the greatest influence on aboriginal Greek civilization and didactics; to Plato, Homer was simply the 1 who "has taught Greece" – ten Hellada pepaideuken.[55] [56] Hesiod's Works and Days (c.700 BC) and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and almost influential, of ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho (c. 630 – c. 570 BC) and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 BC) ) and Thucydides were early on Greek historians. Although drama was pop in ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical historic period, only a limited number of plays by iii authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes (c. 446 – c. 386 BC) provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old One-act, the earliest course of Greek One-act, and are in fact used to define the genre.[57]

The Hebrew religious text, the Torah, is widely seen equally a product of the Farsi flow (539–333 BC, probably 450–350 BC).[58] This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives Ezra, the leader of the Jewish community on its return from Babylon, a pivotal role in its promulgation.[59] This represents a major source of Christianity's Bible, which has been a major influence on Western literature.[60]

The outset of Roman literature dates to 240 BC, when a Roman audition saw a Latin version of a Greek play.[61] Literature in latin would flourish for the next six centuries, and includes essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings.

The Qur'an (610 AD to 632 AD)[62] ), the main holy book of Islam, had a significant influence on the Arab language, and marked the commencement of Islamic literature. Muslims believe it was transcribed in the Arabic dialect of the Quraysh, the tribe of Muhammad.[23] [63] As Islam spread, the Quran had the event of unifying and standardizing Standard arabic.[23]

Theological works in Latin were the dominant course of literature in Europe typically constitute in libraries during the Middle Ages. Western Vernacular literature includes the Poetic Edda and the sagas, or heroic epics, of Republic of iceland, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the German Vocal of Hildebrandt. A later course of medieval fiction was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with potent popular appeal.[64]

Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the European Renaissance as a outcome of the Johannes Gutenberg'southward invention of the printing press[65] around 1440, while the Medieval romance adult into the novel,[66]

Publishing [edit]

Publishing became possible with the invention of writing, but became more than practical with the invention of printing. Prior to printing, distributed works were copied manually, by scribes.

The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng fabricated movable type of earthenware c. 1045. Then c.1450, separately Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe. This invention gradually fabricated books less expensive to produce and more widely available.

Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man built-in in 1453, the year of the autumn of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which nearly eight million books had been printed, more mayhap than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in A.D. 330."[67]

Somewhen, press enabled other forms of publishing too books. The history of modern paper publishing started in Frg in 1609, with publishing of magazines following in 1663.

University discipline [edit]

In England [edit]

In England in the late 1820s, growing political and social awareness, "peculiarly among the utilitarians and Benthamites, promoted the possibility of including courses in English literary study in the newly formed London Academy". This further adult into the idea of the report of literature being "the ideal carrier for the propagation of the humanist cultural myth of a welleducated, culturally harmonious nation".[68]

America [edit]

American Literature (bookish discipline)

Women and literature [edit]

The widespread education of women was not mutual until the nineteenth century, and because of this literature until recently was mostly male dominated.[69]

George Sand was an idea. She has a unique identify in our historic period.
Others are great men ... she was a peachy woman.

Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand [70]

There are few women poets writing in English, whose names are remembered, until the twentieth century. In the nineteenth century some names that stand out are Emily Brontë, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Emily Dickinson (come across American verse). But while generally women are absent from the European cannon of Romantic literature, there is i notable exception, the French novelist and memoirist Amantine Dupin (1804 – 1876) best known by her pen name George Sand.[71] [72] I of the more than pop writers in Europe in her lifetime,[73] beingness more renowned than both Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s,[74] Sand is recognised equally ane of the most notable writers of the European Romantic era. Jane Austen (1775 – 1817) is the first major English woman novelist, while Aphra Behn is an early female dramatist.

Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded between 1901 and 2022 to 117 individuals: 101 men and 16 women. Selma Lagerlöf (1858 – 1940) was the outset woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, which she was awarded in 1909. Additionally, she was the first woman to be granted a membership in The Swedish University in 1914.[75]

Feminist scholars have since the twentieth century sought expand the literary canon to include more women writers.

Children'south literature [edit]

A separate genre of children's literature only began to sally in the eighteenth century, with the development of the concept of babyhood.[76] : ten–11 The primeval of these books were educational books, books on conduct, and uncomplicated ABCs—often decorated with animals, plants, and anthropomorphic messages.[77]

Aesthetics [edit]

Literary theory [edit]

A fundamental question of literary theory is "what is literature?" – although many contemporary theorists and literary scholars believe either that "literature" cannot be defined or that information technology can refer to any utilize of language.[78]

Literary fiction [edit]

Literary fiction is a term used to depict fiction that explores whatsoever facet of the human condition, and may involve social commentary. Information technology is often regarded as having more creative merit than genre fiction, especially the most commercially oriented types, but this has been contested in contempo years, with the serious report of genre fiction within universities.[79]

The following, by the laurels-winning British author William Boyd on the curt story, might be applied to all prose fiction:

[brusk stories] seem to answer something very deep in our nature as if, for the elapsing of its telling, something special has been created, some essence of our experience extrapolated, some temporary sense has been fabricated of our common, turbulent journey towards the grave and oblivion.[80]

The very best in literature is annually recognized past the Nobel Prize in Literature, which is awarded to an author from whatsoever country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the well-nigh outstanding piece of work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning).[81] [82]

The value of imaginative literature [edit]

Some researchers advise that literary fiction can play a role in an private's psychological development.[83] Psychologists take also been using literature as a therapeutic tool.[84] [85] Psychologist Hogan argues for the value of the time and emotion that a person devotes to understanding a character's situation in literature;[86] that it can unite a big customs by provoking universal emotions, as well as allowing readers admission to different cultures, and new emotional experiences.[87] 1 study, for example, suggested that the presence of familiar cultural values in literary texts played an important impact on the functioning of minority students.[88]

Psychologist Maslow'due south ideas help literary critics understand how characters in literature reverberate their personal culture and the history.[89] The theory suggests that literature helps an private's struggle for self-fulfilment.[90] [91]

The influence of religious texts [edit]

Organized religion has had a major influence on literature, through works like the Vedas, the Torah, the Bible,[92] and the Qur'an.[93] [94] [95]

The Rex James Version of the Bible has been called "the most influential version of the nigh influential book in the globe, in what is now its nearly influential language", "the most of import book in English language organized religion and culture", and "the most celebrated volume in the English language-speaking world"[ commendation needed ] - principally considering of its literary style and widespread distribution. Prominent atheist figures such as the tardily Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins accept praised the King James Version equally existence "a giant footstep in the maturing of English literature" and "a peachy work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins then calculation, "A native speaker of English language who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian".[96] [97]

Societies in which preaching has swell importance, and those in which religious structures and regime have a near-monopoly of reading and writing and/or a censorship office, may impart a religious gloss to much of the literature those societies produce or retain - equally for example in the European Middle Ages. The traditions of shut study of religious texts has furthered the development of techniques and theories in literary studies.

Types of literature [edit]

Poetry [edit]

Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its greater apply of the artful qualities of language, including musical devices such every bit assonance, alliteration, rhyme, and rhythm, and past being set in lines and verses rather than paragraphs, and more recently its use of other typographical elements.[98] [99] [100] This distinction is complicated by diverse hybrid forms such as audio verse, concrete poesy and prose verse form,[101] and more generally by the fact that prose possesses rhythm.[102] Abram Lipsky refers to it as an "open secret" that "prose is not distinguished from poetry by lack of rhythm".[103]

Prior to the 19th century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines: "whatever kind of subject consisting of Rhythm or Verses".[98] Possibly as a result of Aristotle'south influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the 19th century was normally less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art.[ clarification needed ] [104] As a form information technology may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works existence composed inside and sustained by an oral tradition;[105] [106] hence it constitutes the earliest case of literature.

Prose [edit]

As noted above, prose generally makes far less utilize of the aesthetic qualities of language than poetry.[99] [100] [107] However, developments in mod literature, including gratis verse and prose poetry have tended to mistiness the differences, and American poet T.Southward. Eliot suggested that while: "the distinction between verse and prose is clear, the distinction betwixt poetry and prose is obscure".[108] There are poetry novels, a blazon of narrative poesy in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Eugene Onegin (1831) by Alexander Pushkin is the most famous case.[109]

On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes that "[In the case of ancient Greece] recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated with the classical period".[110]

Latin was a major influence on the development of prose in many European countries. Peculiarly important was the not bad Roman orator Cicero.[111] Information technology was the lingua franca among literate Europeans until quite recent times, and the great works of Descartes (1596 – 1650), Francis Salary (1561 – 1626), and Baruch Spinoza (1632 – 1677) were published in Latin. Amongst the concluding important books written primarily in Latin prose were the works of Swedenborg (d. 1772), Linnaeus (d. 1778), Euler (d. 1783), Gauss (d. 1855), and Isaac Newton (d. 1727).

Novel [edit]

Sculpture in Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of swell German language writers.

A novel is a long fictional prose narrative. In English, the term emerged from the Romance languages in the late 15th century, with the significant of "news"; it came to indicate something new, without a distinction betwixt fact or fiction.[112] The romance is a closely related long prose narrative. Walter Scott defined it equally "a fictitious narrative in prose or verse; the interest of which turns upon marvellous and uncommon incidents", whereas in the novel "the events are accommodated to the ordinary train of human events and the modern state of guild".[113] Other European languages exercise not distinguish between romance and novel: "a novel is le roman, der Roman, il romanzo",[114] indicates the proximity of the forms.[115]

Although in that location are many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",[116] the mod novel form emerges late in cultural history—roughly during the eighteenth century.[117] Initially subject area to much criticism, the novel has caused a dominant position amidst literary forms, both popularly and critically.[115] [118] [119]

Novella [edit]

The publisher Melville Firm classifies the novella as "too short to be a novel, too long to exist a short story".[120] Publishers and literary honor societies typically consider a novella to be between 17,000 and 40,000 words.[121]

Short story [edit]

A dilemma in defining the "curt story" as a literary form is how to, or whether ane should, distinguish it from any curt narrative and its contested origin,[122] that include the Bible, and Edgar Allan Poe.[123]

Graphic novel [edit]

Graphic novels and comic books present stories told in a combination of artwork, dialogue, and text.

Electronic literature [edit]

Electronic literature is a literary genre consisting of digital works

Nonfiction [edit]

Common literary examples of nonfiction include, the essay; travel literature and nature writing; biography, autobiography and memoir; journalism; letters; journals; history, philosophy, economics; scientific, and technical writings.[4] [124]

Nonfiction can autumn within the wide category of literature as "any collection of written work", merely some works autumn inside the narrower definition "by virtue of the excellence of their writing, their originality and their general aesthetic and artistic merits".[125]

Drama [edit]

Drama is literature intended for performance.[126] The form is combined with music and trip the light fantastic in opera and musical theatre (see libretto). A play is a written dramatic work past a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue betwixt characters. A closet drama, by contrast, is written to be read rather than to be performed; the pregnant of which tin be realized fully on the page.[127] Nearly all drama took verse form until insufficiently recently.

The earliest form of which in that location exists substantial knowledge is Greek drama. This developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical, or mythological themes,

In the twentieth century scripts written for non-phase media take been added to this form, including radio, television and film.

Law [edit]

Law and literature [edit]

The police force and literature movement focuses on the interdisciplinary connexion between law and literature.

Copyright [edit]

Copyright is a type of intellectual belongings that gives its possessor the exclusive right to brand copies of a creative work, usually for a limited time.[128] [129] [130] [131] [132] The creative work may exist in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself.[133] [134] [135]

United Kingdom [edit]

Literary works accept been protected by copyright law from unauthorized reproduction since at least 1710.[136] Literary works are defined by copyright police force to mean "any work, other than a dramatic or musical work, which is written, spoken or sung, and accordingly includes (a) a table or compilation (other than a database), (b) a computer programme, (c) preparatory design material for a reckoner program, and (d) a database."[137]

Literary works are all works of literature; that is all works expressed in print or writing (other than dramatic or musical works).[138]

Usa [edit]

The copyright police of the U.s. has a long and complicated history, dating back to colonial times. It was established equally federal law with the Copyright Act of 1790. This human action was updated many times, including a major revision in 1976.

European Union [edit]

The copyright law of the European union is the copyright law applicable within the European Spousal relationship. Copyright law is largely harmonized in the Matrimony, although land to land differences exist. The body of police force was implemented in the EU through a number of directives, which the fellow member states need to enact into their national law. The primary copyright directives are the Copyright Term Directive, the Data Society Directive and the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Unmarried Market. Copyright in the Marriage is furthermore dependent on international conventions to which the European Marriage is a member (such as the TRIPS Understanding and conventions to which all Member States are parties (such as the Berne Convention)).

Copyright in communist countries [edit]

Copyright in Japan [edit]

Nihon was a party to the original Berne convention in 1899, so its copyright police force is in sync with near international regulations. The convention protected copyrighted works for 50 years later the author'south death (or l years after publication for unknown authors and corporations). However, in 2004 Nippon extended the copyright term to 70 years for cinematographic works. At the finish of 2018, every bit a event of the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, the 70 twelvemonth term was practical to all works.[139] This new term is not applied retroactively; works that had entered the public domain betwixt 1999 and 2022 by expiration would remain in the public domain.

Censorship [edit]

Is a means employed by states, religious organizations, educational institutions, etc, to control what can be portrayed, spoken, performed, or written.[140] Generally such bodies try to ban works for political reasons, or because they deal with other controversial matters such as race, or sex.[141]

A notorious instance of censorship is James Joyce'southward novel Ulysses, which has been described by Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov as a "divine work of art" and the greatest masterpiece of 20th century prose.[142] It was banned in the United States from 1921 until 1933 on the grounds of obscenity. Nowadays information technology is a central literary text in English language literature courses, throughout the world.[143]

Awards [edit]

There are numerous awards recognizing accomplishment and contribution in literature. Given the diversity of the field, awards are typically limited in telescopic, commonly on: form, genre, linguistic communication, nationality and output (eastward.g. for start-time writers or debut novels).[144]

The Nobel Prize in Literature was ane of the 6 Nobel Prizes established by the volition of Alfred Nobel in 1895,[145] and is awarded to an writer on the basis of their body of piece of work, rather than to, or for, a particular work itself.[note 2] Other literary prizes for which all nationalities are eligible include: the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Human Booker International Prize, Pulitzer Prize, Hugo Laurels, Guardian First Book Accolade and the Franz Kafka Prize.

See also [edit]

  • Library
  • Literary agent
  • Literary element
  • Literary magazine
  • Reading
  • Rhetorical modes
  • Science fiction § As serious literature
  • Vernacular literature

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The definition of rhetoric is a controversial subject within the field and has given rise to philological battles over its meaning in Ancient Hellenic republic.[26]
  2. ^ However, in some instances a work has been cited in the explanation of why the award was given.

References [edit]

  1. ^ "Literature: definition". Oxford Learner'southward Dictionaries.
  2. ^ "Oral literature". Encyclopaedia Britannica. ; see also Homer.
  3. ^ a b "literature | Definition, Characteristics, Genres, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  4. ^ a b OED
  5. ^ "literature (due north.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved nine Feb 2014.
  6. ^ Meyer, Jim (1997). "What is Literature? A Definition Based on Prototypes". Work Papers of the Summer Plant of Linguistics and University of North Dakota Session. 41 (1). Retrieved eleven February 2014. [ dead link ]
  7. ^ Finnegan, Ruth (1974). "How Oral Is Oral Literature?". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 37 (1): 52–64. doi:x.1017/s0041977x00094842. JSTOR 614104. S2CID 190730645. (subscription required)
  8. ^ Leitch et al., The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, 28
  9. ^ Eagleton 2008, p. 9.
  10. ^ Biswas, Critique of Poetics, 538
  11. ^ "Oral literature". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  12. ^ a b John Miles Foley. "What's in a Sign" (1999). E. Anne MacKay (ed.). Signs of Orality. BRILL Bookish. pp. one–ii. ISBN978-9004112735.
  13. ^ Francis, Norbert (2017). Bilingual and multicultural perspectives on poetry, music and narrative: The science of fine art. Lanham Dr.: Rowman and Littlefield.
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Bibliography [edit]

  • A.R. Biswas (2005). Critique of Poetics (vol. two). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN978-81-269-0377-1.
  • Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson, eds. (2006). The literature of ancient Sumer. Oxford: OUP. ISBN978-0-19-929633-0.
  • Cain, William East.; Finke, Laurie A.; Johnson, Barbara Eastward.; McGowan, John; Williams, Jeffrey J. (2001). Vincent B. Leitch (ed.). The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism . Norton. ISBN978-0-393-97429-iv.
  • Eagleton, Terry (2008). Literary Theory: An Introduction (Anniversary, 2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN978-one-4051-7921-8.
  • Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Printing. ISBN978-0-521-43878-0.
  • Hogan, P. Colm (2011). What Literature Teaches United states of america near Emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: University of Texas Printing, p. xx, ISBN978-0-292-72527-0
  • Giraldi, William (2008). "The Novella's Long Life" (PDF). The Southern Review: 793–801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved xv February 2014.
  • Goody, Jack (2006). "From Oral to Written: An Anthropological Breakthrough in Storytelling". In Franco Moretti (ed.). The Novel, Volume ane: History, Geography, and Culture. Princeton: Princeton Up. p. xviii. ISBN978-0-691-04947-2.
  • Paris, B.J. (1986). 3rd Force Psychology and the Written report of Literature. Cranbury: Associated University Press.
  • Preminger, Alex; et al. (1993). The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics . US: Princeton Academy Press. ISBN978-0-691-02123-two.
  • Ross, Trevor (1996). "The Emergence of "Literature": Making and Reading the English Canon in the Eighteenth Century."" (PDF). ELH. 63 (2): 397–422. doi:10.1353/elh.1996.0019. S2CID 170813833. Retrieved nine February 2014.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Bonheim, Helmut (1982). The Narrative Modes: Techniques of the Short Story. Cambridge: Brewer. An overview of several hundred short stories.
  • Gillespie, Gerald (January 1967). "Novella, nouvelle, novella, short novel? — A review of terms". Neophilologus. 51 (1): 117–127. doi:10.1007/BF01511303. S2CID 162102536.
  • Wheeler, Fifty. Kip. "Periods of Literary History" (PDF). Carson-Newman University. Retrieved 18 March 2014. Brief summary of major periods in literary history of the Western tradition.

External links [edit]

  • Project Gutenberg Online Library
  • Net Book List like to IMDb but for books
  • Net Archive Digital eBook Collection

vandusenthumbeth.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature

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